Category Archives: Regional Weather Review for Year 2020

1.1 During December 2020, coastal south-eastern parts of Mainland Southeast Asia and the Philippines experienced above-average rainfall (Figure 1). The largest positive anomalies (wetter conditions) were recorded over northern and central Philippines, and southern Thailand based on both satellite-derived rainfall estimates datasets (GSMaP-NRT and CMORPH-Blended), partly linked to the tropical storm Krovanh in Week 3. For the rest of Mainland Southeast Asia, rainfall anomalies were negligible, expected at the start of dry season for the northern ASEAN region. A mix of above- and below-average rainfall was experienced for most regions in the equatorial region. There is some discrepancy between the two satellite datasets for the below-average rainfall for southern and central parts of Borneo, with more extensive drier conditions based on CMORPH-Blended (Figure 1, right) compared to GSMaP-NRT (Figure 1, left). Elsewhere in the southern Maritime Continent, wetter-than-average rainfall conditions were recorded over much of the land masses.

1.2 The observed large-scale rainfall anomaly pattern (i.e. above-average rainfall in regions linked to tropical storm and cyclone activity and below-average rainfall over parts of equatorial region) is broadly consistent with the predictions from the subseasonal weather outlooks for December 2020 (30 Nov – 13 Dec, 14 – 27 Dec).

Figure 1: Rainfall anomalies for the month of December 2020 based on GSMaP-NRT data (left) and CMORPH-Blended data (right). The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Green colour denotes above-average rainfall (wetter), while orange denotes below-average rainfall (drier).

1.3 Colder-than-average temperatures were recorded over some regions of the eastern half of Mainland Southeast Asia in December 2020 (Figure 2). In contrast, warmer-than-average temperatures (more than 1°C warmer) were recorded over parts of Myanmar and northern Philippines. Warmer-than-average temperatures were also recorded over much of the equatorial region (3°S to 2°N). Elsewhere, the temperature for December was closer to average.

 

Figure 2: Temperature anomalies for the month of December 2020 based on ERA-5 reanalysis. The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Red colour denotes above-average temperature (warmer), while blue denotes below-average temperature (colder).

2. Climate Drivers

2.1 A weak and slow-moving Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) signal was present in the Maritime Continent (Figure 3, Phase 5) at the start of December 2020, momentarily strengthened in Week 2 and then weakened as it reached Western Pacific (Phase 6) in the second half of December 2020. Phase 5 typically brings wetter conditions to eastern half of the Southeast Asia (observed in the rainfall anomalies for December 2020, Figure 1).

 

Figure 3: The MJO phase diagram. The diagram illustrates the movement of the MJO through different phases, which correspond to different locations along the equator (denoted in the text with the first day of the month in blue and the last day of the month in red). The distance of the index from the centre of the diagram is related to the strength of the MJO. Values within the grey circle are considered weak or indiscernible (data from the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia).

 

2.2 Over the tropical Pacific Ocean, La Niña conditions were present. The sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean remained cool, with atmospheric indicators (cloudiness and wind anomalies) also remaining consistent with La Niña conditions. La Niña events tend to bring wetter-than-average conditions to much of Southeast Asia during the September to December period.

1.1 During November 2020, much of the eastern parts of Mainland Southeast Asia and the Philippines experienced above-average rainfall (Figure 1). The largest positive anomalies (wetter conditions) were recorded over northern Philippines and central and southern Viet Nam based on both satellite-derived rainfall estimates datasets (GSMaP-NRT and CMORPH-Blended), linked to the tropical storms and cyclones in the first half of November 2020 (including Tropical Cyclone Goni, Tropical Storm Atsani, and Tropical Cyclone Vamco). Elsewhere in Mainland Southeast Asia, near-average rainfall was experienced in much of the region. A mix of above- and below-average rainfall was experienced for most regions in the equatorial region and south of the equator, with the largest region of above-average rainfall in the western Maritime Continent.

1.2 The observed large-scale rainfall anomaly pattern (i.e. above-average rainfall in regions linked to tropical storm and cyclone activity) is broadly consistent with the predictions from the subseasonal weather outlooks for November 2020 (2 – 15 Nov, 16 – 29 Nov).

Figure 1: Rainfall anomalies for the month of November 2020 based on GSMaP-NRT data (left) and CMORPH-Blended data (right). The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Green colour denotes above-average rainfall (wetter), while orange denotes below-average rainfall (drier).

1.3 Colder-than-average temperatures were recorded over some regions of the eastern half of Mainland Southeast Asia in November 2020 (Figure 2), in particular Cambodia. In contrast, warmer-than-average temperatures were recorded over northern Viet Nam and Lao PDR, northwestern Thailand and parts of Myanmar. Elsewhere, the temperature for November was closer to average.

 

Figure 2: Temperature anomalies for the month of November 2020 based on ERA-5 reanalysis. The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Red colour denotes above-average temperature (warmer), while blue denotes below-average temperature (colder).

2. Climate Drivers

2.1 Starting off as a weak signal in the Western Pacific (Phase 7), the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) signal strengthened in the Western Hemisphere (phases 8 and 1) during the first half of November (Figure 3), and continued propagating eastward through the Indian Ocean (phases 2 and 3) in the second half and eventually weakened as it approached the Matitime Continent (Phase 4) at the end of the month. Phases 8 and 1 typically bring below-average rainfall for much of Southeast Asia during this time of the year, while Phases 2 and 3 tend to bring wetter conditions to parts of the western Maritime continent (observed in the rainfall anomalies for November 2020, Figure 1) and drier conditions to eastern parts.

 

Figure 3: The MJO phase diagram. The diagram illustrates the movement of the MJO through different phases, which correspond to different locations along the equator (denoted in the text with the first day of the month in blue and the last day of the month in red). The distance of the index from the centre of the diagram is related to the strength of the MJO. Values within the grey circle are considered weak or indiscernible (data from the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia).

 

2.2 Over the tropical Pacific Ocean, La Niña conditions were present. The sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean continued to cool, with atmospheric indicators (cloudiness and wind anomalies) also remaining consistent with La Niña conditions. La Niña events tend to bring wetter-than-average conditions to much of Southeast Asia during the September to November period.

1.1 During October 2020, much of the northern part of Southeast Asia experienced above-average rainfall (Figure 1). The largest positive anomalies (wetter conditions) were recorded over the Philippines, Viet Nam, parts of Lao PDR and southern Cambodia based on both satellite-derived rainfall estimates datasets (GSMaP-NRT and CMORPH-Blended). The large positive anomalies in these regions is linked to the high number of tropical storms and cyclones (including Tropical Storm Linfa, Tropical Storm Nangka, Tropical Cyclone Saudel, and Tropical Cyclone Molave). Elsewhere, the equatorial region experienced a mix between above- and below-average rainfall, while wetter-than-average conditions were recorded over much of the region south of the equator.

1.2 The observed large-scale rainfall anomaly pattern (i.e. above-average rainfall in regions linked to tropical storm and cyclone activity as well as south of the equator) is broadly consistent with the predictions from the subseasonal weather outlooks for October 2020 (5 – 18 Oct, 19 Oct – 1 Nov).

Figure 1: Rainfall anomalies for the month of October 2020 based on GSMaP-NRT data (left) and CMORPH-Blended data (right). The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Green colour denotes above-average rainfall (wetter), while orange denotes below-average rainfall (drier).

1.3 Colder-than-average temperatures were recorded over the eastern half of Mainland Southeast Asia in October 2020 (Figure 2). Parts of Viet Nam, Lao PDR, and Thailand were on average more than 1°C cooler than usual for this time of year. In contrast, warmer-than-average temperatures were recorded over northern Myanmar (more than 1°C warmer than average). Elsewhere, the temperature for October was closer to average.

 

Figure 2: Temperature anomalies for the month of October 2020 based on ERA-5 reanalysis. The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Red colour denotes above-average temperature (warmer), while blue denotes below-average temperature (colder).

2. Climate Drivers

2.1 A Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) signal developed in the Maritime Continent (Phase 5) during the first half of October (Figure 3), before propagating eastward through the western Pacific (phases 6 and 7) in the second half. Phases 5 and 6 tend to bring wetter conditions to the eastern half of Southeast Asia, while phases 6 and 7 bring drier conditions to parts of the western Maritime Continent.

 

Figure 3: The MJO phase diagram. The diagram illustrates the movement of the MJO through different phases, which correspond to different locations along the equator (denoted in the text with the first day of the month in blue and the last day of the month in red). The distance of the index from the centre of the diagram is related to the strength of the MJO. Values within the grey circle are considered weak or indiscernible (data from the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia).

 

2.2 Over the tropical Pacific Ocean, La Niña conditions were present. The sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean continued to cool, with atmospheric indicators (cloudiness and wind anomalies) also remaining consistent with La Niña conditions. La Niña events tend to bring wetter-than-average conditions to much of Southeast Asia during the September to November period.

1.1 During September 2020, most of the equatorial region and southern parts of the Mainland Southeast Asia experienced above-average rainfall (Figure 1). The largest positive anomalies (wetter conditions) were recorded in the coastal equatorial regions, southern Thailand, southern Cambodia and southern Viet Nam based on both satellite-derived rainfall estimates datasets (GSMaP-NRT and CMORPH-Blended). In contrast, most of the Philippines recorded below-average rainfall. The rest of regions either experienced near-average rainfall for this time of year, or a mix between above- and below-average.

1.2 The observed large-scale rainfall anomaly pattern (i.e. above-average rainfall in the equatorial regions and below-average rainfall in the Philippines) is broadly consistent with the predictions from the subseasonal weather outlooks for September 2020 (7 – 20 Sep, 21 Sep – 4 Oct). The only notable anomalies forecasted for Mainland Southeast Asia were the wetter conditions over its southern and eastern coastal regions (linked to the MJO signal in phases 4 and 5).

Figure 1: Rainfall anomalies for the month of September 2020 based on GSMaP-NRT data (left) and CMORPH-Blended data (right). The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Green colour denotes above-average rainfall (wetter), while orange denotes below-average rainfall (drier).

1.3 Most parts of equatorial Southeast Asia experienced near-average temperature during September 2020 (Figure 2), coinciding with areas that experienced wetter conditions during the same period. Warmer anomalies (≥ 0.5°C) are concentrated over Mainland Southeast Asia, northern parts of the Philippines and eastern Maritime Continent with the warmest anomalies in September (≥ 2.0°C) in northern Myanmar.

 

Figure 2: Temperature anomalies for the month of September 2020 based on ERA-5 reanalysis. The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Red colour denotes above-average temperature (warmer), while blue denotes below-average temperature (colder).

2. Climate Drivers

2.1 A weak and very slow-moving Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) signal was present in the Maritime Continent (Figure 3) during the month of September, momentarily strengthened in the middle of September for a few days and also towards the end of the month. At this time of year, phases 4 and 5 typically bring above-average rainfall for coastal regions in Southeast Asia between 5°N and 20°N.

 

Figure 3: The MJO phase diagram. The diagram illustrates the movement of the MJO through different phases, which correspond to different locations along the equator (denoted in the text with the first day of the month in blue and the last day of the month in red). The distance of the index from the centre of the diagram is related to the strength of the MJO. Values within the grey circle are considered weak or indiscernible (data from the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia).

1.1 During August 2020, most of Mainland Southeast Asia experienced above-average rainfall (Figure 1). The largest positive anomalies (wetter conditions) were recorded in Lao PDR and Rakhine State, Myanmar, based on both satellite-derived rainfall estimates datasets (GSMaP-NRT and CMORPH-Blended). In contrast, northern Philippines recorded below-average rainfall. For the southern half of Southeast Asia, below- to near-average rainfall was recorded in the west, and near- to above-average rainfall in the east. There is some discrepancy between the two satellite datasets for the below-average rainfall for Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, with more extensive drier conditions based on CMORPH-Blended (Figure 1, right) compared to GSMaP-NRT (Figure 1, left).

1.2 The observed large-scale rainfall anomaly pattern for southern Southeast Asia (i.e. below-average rainfall in the west and above-average rainfall in the east) is broadly consistent with the predictions from the subseasonal weather outlooks for August 2020 (27 July – 9 Aug, 10 – 23 Aug). The only notable anomalies forecasted for Mainland Southeast Asia were the wetter conditions over its southern and eastern coastal regions (linked to the MJO signal in phases 4 and 5).

Figure 1: Rainfall anomalies for the month of August 2020 based on GSMaP-NRT data (left) and CMORPH-Blended data (right). The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Green colour denotes above-average rainfall (wetter), while orange denotes below-average rainfall (drier).

1.3 Most of Southeast Asia experienced above-average temperature during August 2020, apart from central and northern Mainland Southeast Asia where the temperature was closer to the climatological average (Figure 2). Warmer anomalies (≥ 0.5°C) occured mainly in coastal regions, with the warmest anomalies in August (≥ 1.0°C) in southeastern Southeast Asia.

Figure 2: Temperature anomalies for the month of August 2020 based on ERA-5 reanalysis. The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Red colour denotes above-average temperature (warmer), while blue denotes below-average temperature (colder).

2. Climate Drivers

2.1 At the start of August, a Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) signal was present in the maritime continent (Figure 3). The signal then weakened and quickly moved across the Pacific reaching the Western Hemisphere (Phase 8) by the middle of the month. In the second half of August, the once again substantial MJO signal continued to propagate eastward with the enhanced phase reaching the eastern Indian Ocean (Phase 3) by the end of the month. At this time of year, phases 4 and 5 typically bring above-average rainfall for regions in Southeast Asia between 5° and 20°N, while phases 8 and 1 typically bring below-average rainfall for the same region. Phases 2 and 3 tend to bring wetter conditions to the western maritime continent (which was not evident in the rainfall anomalies for August 2020, Figure 1).

Figure 3: The MJO phase diagram. The diagram illustrates the movement of the MJO through different phases, which correspond to different locations along the equator (denoted in the text with the first day of the month in blue and the last day of the month in red). The distance of the index from the centre of the diagram is related to the strength of the MJO. Values within the grey circle are considered weak or indiscernible (data from the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia).

1.1 During July 2020, most of the equatorial region experienced above-average rainfall (Figure 1). The largest positive anomalies (wetter conditions) were recorded in the coastal equatorial regions based on both satellite-derived rainfall estimates datasets (GSMaP-NRT and CMORPH-Blended). For the Mainland Southeast Asia, below-average rainfall was observed over northern Viet Nam, northern Philippines, and coastal Myanmar. This pattern of below-normal rainfall broadly follows the coastal regions between 15°N to 20°N, although there is some discrepancy between the two satellites for the Rakhine State, Myanmar, where the GSMaP-NRT (Figure 1, left) observed below-average rainfall, while CMORPH-Blended (Figure 1, right) observed near-average rainfall.

1.2 The observed large-scale rainfall anomaly pattern (i.e. above-average rainfall conditions in the equatorial regions and below-average rainfall for some regions of Mainland Southeast Asia and northern parts of the Philippines) is broadly consistent with the predictions in the subseasonal weather outlooks for July 2020 (1-15 July, 16-31 July).

Figure 1: Rainfall anomalies for the month of July 2020 based on GSMaP-NRT data (left) and CMORPH-Blended data (right). The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Green colour denotes above-average rainfall (wetter), while orange denotes below-average rainfall (drier).

1.3 Most parts of equatorial Southeast Asia experienced near-average temperature during July 2020 (Figure 2), coinciding with areas that experienced wetter conditions during the same period. Warmer anomalies (≥ 0.5°C) are concentrated over Mainland Southeast Asia, northern parts of the Philippines and eastern Maritime Continent. This pattern is similar to the June temperature anomalies.

Figure 2: Temperature anomalies for the month of July 2020 based on ERA-5 reanalysis. The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Red colour denotes above-average temperature (warmer), while blue denotes below-average temperature (colder).

2. Climate Drivers

2.1 During the first half of July 2020, there was no coherent Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) signal. In Figure 3, the trace of the MJO moves between Phase 1 and Phase 2, with no clear eastward propagation. However, from the 19th of July, a clearer MJO signal formed and propagated eastward through the Indian Ocean (Phases 2 and 3), reaching the Maritime Continent at the end of the month. Typically in July, Phases 1 and 2 bring drier conditions in northern Southeast Asia while Phases 2 and 3 bring wetter conditions in the western Maritime Continent.

Figure 3: The MJO phase diagram. The diagram illustrates the movement of the MJO through different phases, which correspond to different locations along the equator (denoted in the text with the first day of the month in blue and the last day of the month in red). The distance of the index from the centre of the diagram is related to the strength of the MJO. Values within the grey circle are considered weak or indiscernible (data from the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia).

1.1 During June 2020, the region between 5°S and 15°N predominately experienced above-average rainfall (Figure 1). The largest positive anomalies (wetter conditions) were recorded over northern Sulawesi, southern Thailand, southern Viet Nam, and western Borneo based on both satellite-derived rainfall estimates datasets (GSMaP-NRT and CMORPH-Blended). For the Mainland Southeast Asia, above-average rainfall inland conditions were observed over northern Myanmar and northern Laos, whereas below-average rainfall conditions were observed along coastal regions of western Myanmar and northern Viet Nam. Below-average rainfall was also recorded over northern parts of the Philippines and some parts of the eastern Maritime Continent (Java and Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia).

1.2 The observed large-scale rainfall anomaly patterns (i.e. above-average rainfall conditions in the equatorial regions and below-average conditions in northern parts of the Philippines and coastal parts of northern Viet Nam) are broadly consistent with the predictions in the subseasonal weather outlooks for the first and second fortnights of June 2020, except for some parts of the eastern Maritime Continent region where drier conditions were observed.

Figure 1: Rainfall anomalies for the month of June 2020 based on GSMaP-NRT data (left) and CMORPH-Blended data (right). The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Green colour denotes above-average rainfall (wetter), while orange denotes below-average rainfall (drier).

1.3 Most parts of equatorial Southeast Asia experienced near-average temperature during June 2020 (Figure 2), coinciding with areas that experienced wetter conditions during the same period. Warmer anomalies (≥ 0.5°C) are concentrated over Mainland Southeast Asia, northern parts of the Philippines and eastern Maritime Continent.

Figure 2: Temperature anomalies for the month of June 2020 based on ERA-5 reanalysis. The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Red colour denotes above-average temperature (warmer), while blue denotes below-average temperature (colder).

2. Climate Drivers

2.1 The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) signal propagated eastwards from Phase 1 (Western Hemisphere) to Phase 2 (Indian Ocean) during the first two weeks of June. Typically for the region in June, Phases 1 and 2 bring drier conditions in northern Southeast Asia while Phase 2 brings wetter conditions in the western Maritime Continent. Subsequently the MJO then stalled, before weakening and becoming indiscernible by early part of the third week of June, obscured by other equatorial atmospheric waves. Towards the last few days of June, a new MJO signal re-emerged in Phase 1 (Western Hemisphere).

Figure 3: The MJO phase diagram. The diagram illustrates the movement of the MJO through different phases, which correspond to different locations along the equator (denoted in the text with the first day of the month in blue and the last day of the month in red). The distance of the index from the centre of the diagram is related to the strength of the MJO. Values within the grey circle are considered weak or indiscernible (data from the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia).

1.1 The rainfall anomalies for May 2020 can be partitioned broadly into northern and southern Southeast Asia (Figure 1). Over northern Southeast Asia (10-20°N), most of the coastal regions and some areas further inland experienced below-average rainfall. As this period marks the start of the Southwest Monsoon season, this could mean a slight delay in the onset of the monsoon season for some parts of northern Southeast Asia. There are differences in the intensity and spatial extent between the two data sources, GSMaP-NRT and CMORPH-Blended. For CMORPH-Blended, the areas with below-average rainfall extended further inland over Mainland Southeast Asia, apart from coastal Myanmar (wetter based on CMORPH-Blended, but drier based on GSMaP-NRT).

1.2 For southern Southeast Asia, most of the Maritime Continent region experienced above-average rainfall amounts. The more intense rainfall was observed over the western Maritime Continent (parts of Java, Sumatra, and Borneo). Over the eastern side (Maluku Islands and West Papua), mostly drier conditions were observed. This large-scale rainfall anomaly pattern (below-rainfall conditions in the north and above-average conditions in the south) is broadly consistent with the predictions in the subseasonal weather outlooks for the first and second fortnights of May 2020, except for the eastern Maritime Continent region.

Figure 1: Rainfall anomalies for the month of May 2020 based on GSMaP-NRT data (left) and CMORPH-Blended data (right). The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Green colour denotes above-average rainfall (wetter), while orange denotes below-average rainfall (drier).

1.3 Most parts of Southeast Asia experienced above-average temperature during May 2020 (Figure 2). Much warmer anomalies (≥ 1.0°C) are concentrated over Mainland Southeast Asia and West Papua; thus broadly aligned to areas that experienced drier conditions during the same period.

Figure 2: Temperature anomalies for the month of May 2020 based on ERA-5 reanalysis. The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Red colour denotes above-average temperature (warmer), while blue denotes below-average temperature (colder).

2. Climate Drivers

2.1 The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) retreated from Phase 4 into the unit circle (weak signal) during the first and second weeks of May 2020. The MJO then emerged over the Indian Ocean (Phase 2) in the later part of the second week, weakened momentarily during Phase 3 and Phase 4, and re-emerged to propagate strongly eastwards in Phase 6, Phase 7, and Phase 8 in the last week of May 2020. Typically, the Maritime Continent experiences drier conditions during Phase 6 to Phase 8 of the MJO. For May 2020, this is only true for the eastern Maritime Continent (see 1.2). The western Maritime Continent rainfall anomaly, on the other hand, could have been dominated by the wetter conditions that prevailed in the first three weeks.

Figure 3: The MJO phase diagram. The diagram illustrates the movement of the MJO through different phases, which correspond to different locations along the equator (denoted in the text with the first day of the month in blue and the last day of the month in red). The distance of the index from the centre of the diagram is related to the strength of the MJO. Values within the grey circle are considered weak or indiscernible (data from the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia).

1.1 The rainfall anomalies for April 2020 were a mix of above-, near-, and below- average (Figure 1). Above-average rainfall was experienced by much of the western and southern parts of the Maritime Continent (Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, and western parts of Borneo) as well as parts of Mainland Southeast Asia (northern Lao PDR, northern Viet Nam, southern Cambodia, and southern Thailand). The largest positive anomalies (wetter conditions) were recorded over Sumatra based on both satellite-derived rainfall estimates datasets (GSMaP-NRT and CMORPH-Blended), as well as over Java (CMORPH-Blended only). Below-average rainfall was recorded over central and southern Philippines, as well as northern Borneo. The rest of the regions either experienced near-average rainfall for this time of year, or a mix between above- and below-average. The observed large-scale rainfall anomaly pattern over the Southeast Asia region during April (i.e. wetter over the southern parts of the Maritime Continent, and drier over central and southern Philippines, as well as northern Borneo) is broadly aligned with the model predictions depicted in the subseasonal weather outlooks for the first and second fortnights of April 2020, apart from the anomalies over Mainland Southeast Asia.

Figure 1: Rainfall anomalies for the month of April 2020 based on GSMaP-NRT data (left) and CMORPH-Blended data (right). The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Green colour denotes above-average rainfall (wetter), while orange denotes below-average rainfall (drier).

1.2 Most parts of Southeast Asia south of 10°N experienced above-average temperature during April 2020 (Figure 2). The region between 10°N and 20°N experiences a range of below-average to above-average temperatures, while the northernmost parts of Southeast Asia (northern Myanmar, northern Lao PDR, and northern Viet Nam) experienced below-average temperature.

Figure 2: Temperature anomalies for the month of April 2020 based on ERA-5 reanalysis. The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Red colour denotes above-average temperature (warmer), while blue denotes below-average temperature (colder).

2. Climate Drivers

2.1 The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) was active during April 2020. The MJO signal propagated eastwards from Phase 4 (Maritime Continent) to Phase 1 (Western Hemisphere) during the first two weeks of April. The MJO then stalled during the third week, before continuing to propagate eastward through Phases 2 and 3 (Indian Ocean) before reaching Phase 4 (Maritime Continent) at the end of the month. Typically for the region in April, Phases 7, 8, and 1 bring drier conditions, while Phases 3 to 5 bring wetter conditions, particularly in southern Southeast Asia.

Figure 3: The MJO phase diagram. The diagram illustrates the movement of the MJO through different phases, which correspond to different locations along the equator (denoted in the text with the first day of the month in blue and the last day of the month in red). The distance of the index from the centre of the diagram is related to the strength of the MJO. Values within the grey circle are considered weak or indiscernible (data from the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia).

1.1 Much of the region south of the equator experienced above-normal rainfall during March 2020 (Figure 1). In particular, parts of southern Sumatra, West Papua, and central Sulawesi experienced more intense wetter conditions based on both satellite-derived rainfall estimates datasets (GSMaP-NRT and CMORPH-Blended). For north of the equator, below-average rainfall is experienced in most places (between 0°-15°N) over the sea, over the eastern coasts of land masses (Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, and the Philippines) and southern Thailand. The observed large-scale rainfall anomaly patterns over the Southeast Asia region during March (i.e. wetter to the south, and drier to the north of the equator) are broadly aligned with the model predictions depicted in the subseasonal weather outlooks for the first and second fortnights of March 2020.

Figure 1: Rainfall anomalies for the month of March 2020 based on GSMaP-NRT data (left) and CMORPH-Blended data (right). The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Green colour denotes above-average rainfall (wetter), while orange denotes below-average rainfall (drier).

1.2 Most parts of Southeast Asia experienced above-average temperature during March 2020 (Figure 2). The largest warm anomalies occurred over parts of northern and central Viet Nam. Apart from the far eastern, southern, and northern corners, the rest of Myanmar experienced near-normal to below-normal temperature conditions during March 2020.

Figure 2: Temperature anomalies for the month of March 2020 based on ERA-5 reanalysis. The climatological reference period is 2001-2019. Red colour denotes above-average temperature (warmer), while blue denotes below-average temperature (colder).

2. Climate Drivers

2.1 The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) was active for much of March 2020. The MJO signal propagated eastwards from Phase 3 (Indian Ocean) to Phase 5 (Maritime Continent) during the first two weeks of March. The MJO then re-emerged in the third week in Phase 2 (Indian Ocean) and continued propagating until the end of March in Phase 4 (Maritime Continent). Generally, the phases the MJO went through (Phases 2-5) in March typically bring wetter conditions to many parts of the Maritime Continent, especially the south.

Figure 3: The MJO phase diagram. The diagram illustrates the movement of the MJO through different phases, which correspond to different locations along the equator (denoted in the text with the first day of the month in blue and the last day of the month in red). The distance of the index from the centre of the diagram is related to the strength of the MJO. Values within the grey circle are considered weak or indiscernible (data from the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia).